Diagram the following arguments

1.
Since [¹Jones denied being a politician], [²Smith told the truth]. [³If Smith told the truth, then he isn't a politician].  Hence, [⁴if Jones denied being a politician,     Smith is not a politician].

2.
[¹When we regard a man as morally responsible, we regard him as a legitimate object of moral praise or blame]. But [²only a free agent can be a legitimate object of moral praise or blame]. Hence, [³free will is a precondition of moral responsibility].

3.
[¹If numbers were ideas, then arithmetic would be psychology]. But [²arithmetic is no more psychology than astronomy is].  So, [³ the objects of arithmetic are not ideas, but numbers].

4.
[¹If Socrates died, he died when he was living or when he was dead].  But [²he did not die while living] because [³when one is living, one has not died].  [⁴He did not die when he was dead] because [⁵one cannot die twice].  Hence, [⁶Socrates did not die].

5. (rather difficult)
[¹The triumph of democracy doesn't entail that it is the best form of government], since  [²It was merely the best in a contest with two very bad ones, fascism and communism].  ^[3It cannot be the best form of government] for two concurring reasons: [⁴it is based on an invalid conception of man]; [⁵It fails to take account of the indisputable fact that in the long run man is determined by his environment].

6.
[¹We ought to entertain better relations with Iran].  After all, [²Iran is one of the most powerful nations in the Middle East], and  [³we should try to be in good relations with all influential nations].  Besides, [⁴we have spent enough effort already trying to resolve our differences with Iran through the use of unfriedly policies].

7.
[¹The US should not entertain better relations with Iran].  [²Look at their pilicies against us].  Moreover, [³Iran's rulers are power hungry], and therefore [⁴they'll try to take over the region].  [⁵If they succeed, we'll be at their mercy economically].

8.
[¹If Smith runs as the Republican nominee for president, the conservative wing of the party will have taken over].  [²If that happens, abortion will be a big issue].  Then, [³the Republicans will lose] because [⁴pro-choice sentiment is very high].  However, [⁵if Jones is nominated by the Democrats, property rights will become an issue].  [⁶If that happens, Republican will have a good chance] because [⁷many people in the West feel strongly about this issue].  [⁸It's hard to predict who will win].

9. (difficult)
[¹The son did it].  For, [²either the son or the butler did it].[³ Suppose the butler did it]. Then, [⁴the fingerprints on the poison bottle must be his]. But [⁵the fingerprints on the poison bottle don’t match the butler’s], and therefore [⁶they are not his]. Since [⁷this is absurd], [⁸our supposition must be false].

10. (more difficult than 9)
[¹It is absolutely and undeniably certain that something has existed from all eternity].  For, since [²something now is], [³it is evident that something always was].  [⁴If it isn't the case that something always was, then the things that now are must have been produced out of nothing, absolutely and without a cause.]  But [⁵this is impossible]. For, [⁶to say a thing is produced and yet that there is no cause at all for that production, is to say that something is effected when it is effected by nothing, that is, at the same when it is not effected at all].   [⁷Whatever exists has a cause, a reason, a ground of its existence, a foundation on which its existence relies, a ground or reason why it does exist rather than not exist, either in the necessity of its own nature (and then it must have been of itself eternal), or in the will of some other being (and then that other being must, at least in the order of nature and causality, have existed before it)].

11. (really difficult)
Since [¹something must needs have been from eternity], [²either there has always existed some one unchangeable and independent being from which all other beings that are or ever were in the universe have received their original, or else there has been an infinite succession of changeable and dependent beings produced one from another in an endless progression without any original cause at all].  [³Now this latter supposition is plainly impossible].  [⁴If we consider such an infinite progression as one entire endless series of dependent beings, it is plain this whole series of beings can have no cause from without of its existence] because [⁵in it are supposed to be included all things that are, or ever were, in the universe.]  And [⁶it is plain it can have no reason within itself for its existence] because [⁷no one being in this infinite succession is supposed to be self-existent or necessary , but every one dependent on the foregoing]. Therefore, [⁸an infinite succession of merely dependent beings without any original independent cause is a series of beings that has no reason or ground at all of its existence either within itself or from without].  [⁹That is, it is a supposing something to be caused by something and yet caused absolutely by nothing]. And consequently [¹⁰there must, on the contrary, of necessity have existed from eternity some one immutable and independent being].

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