Types of International Borders a

Ingolf Vogeler, Types of International Borders along the U.S.-Mexico Border
Types of International Borders
Historically, only large empires, such as the Chinese and Roman empires, and centralized and prosperous nation-states, such as France and Germany, tried to enforce their borders from adjacent land-based national groups and states. Geographically, international borders are expressed in varying degrees of severity: border markers, custom and immigration controls for passports and visas, fences, walls, border guards, and even national military troops.
Select a border type: Open Borders Controlled Borders Hard Borders	Today, the 145 land-based nation-states around the world (excluding the 50 island countries, or 26 percent of the 195 countries in the world) employ three major international border types: 15-28 countries (8-14 percent) have open borders; 88-75 countries (45-39 percent) have regulated or controlled borders; and 42 countries (22 percent) had/have fortified borders.
Border types can be classified into soft and hard borders. Soft borders include open and regulated and controlled frontiers. Hard borders, referred to in this paper as fortified borders, include wire fenced borders; wire fenced and walled borders; walled borders; and militarized borders. Examples are provided for each sub-type:

Ingolf Vogeler, Types of International Borders along the U.S.-Mexico Border